With so many young adults still relying on parents for support, the challenge is how to help them without undermining their independence

Lets say that you have recently launched your son or daughter toward collegeor a job, or the armed services or perhaps graduate school. In any case, you are done with parenting, ready to collapse into an easy chair, pour yourself a drink and reflect on a job well done.Then the phone call comes about an intolerable roommate or unfair professor, or hours cut back at work, or a request for a small loan for recording equipment or perhaps a donation for a three-month trek through Europe. And it suddenly dawns on you: Youre parenting in overtime.How does this happen? Forget the myth that adulthood begins at age 18 or 21. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett has famously charted the developmental stage that he calls emerging adulthooda gradual transition from adolescence to full adulthood that stretches from age 18 to roughly age 30. His research shows that only in their late 20s do most people feel like an adult most of the time. Young people must accomplish a host of big and small developmental tasks to help make the transition, from getting their own living quarters to changing the oil in their car. And one of the paradoxes of growing up is that true independence involves learning when and how to ask for help.
Meanwhile, for economic reasons, more emerging adults remain intimately connected to their parents than ever before. A recent U.S. Census Bureau study shows that over 30% of young adults ages 18-34 still live with their parents. A 2019 Pew Research survey found that the majority of these parents provided financial (60%) and emotional (77%) support within the past year.
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Whatever is required for your young-adult offspring to accomplish a task, limit your contribution to 49%. Once you drift over 50%, you own it
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So, like it or not, your job isnt finished. But what should overtime parenting look like? Fortunately, there are some principles that can minimize your sense of powerlessness and frustration while maximizing your ability to support your transitioners growth.
Avoid the enabling trap. Many parents provide financial support as their college graduates enter the adult work world, but it is imperative that parents closely attend to the difference between support and enabling. One client of mine was still providing a monthly stipend to her 27-year-old daughter. The daughter was a gifted artist but since college had worked in a low-paying job in an art-supplies store. Her financial dependence on her parents became dramatically complicated when she became pregnant and had a child. Her mother felt trapped, knowing that the financial safety net undermined her daughters motivation to seek a better-paying position, but at the same time she felt she couldnt financially abandon her grandchild.
She had to rethink the terms of her financial support. Rather than issuing a monthly check, she offered to pay directly for child carebut on the condition that her daughter would begin a serious job search for a more professionally suitable and financially viable position.
When youre parenting in overtime, financial and material support should be contingent on the readiness of your transitioner to pull their own weightgoing to class, working more hours, paying a fair portion of living expenses, etc. If they arent meeting you halfway, then youre not supportingyoure enabling.
Allow your transitioner to learn from mistakes. Many parents imagine that difficult situations will lead to disaster. If he drops out of college for a semester, hell never complete his education, or If she continues to get up late for work, shell get fired. But when parents catastrophizeimagining the worst possible outcome in a situationthey often short-circuit potentially valuable life lessons.
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One parent called me in a panic when her 20 year-old son refused to answer a summons to a local traffic court, resulting from three unpaid speeding tickets. Against my advice, she interceded with the court and paid his fines, depriving him of a valuable lessondont mess with the legal system! Her rationale? If I dont pay his fines, hell lose his license, drop out of college and ruin his future.
The role of parents in the emerging adult stage is not to protect and prevent but to allow poor (but not life-threatening) choices to play out to their inevitable negative consequences. And when this happens, a parents task is to be availablenot with I told you so but with How can I help?
Follow the 49% rule. Most 20-somethings need emotional support and practical coaching as they face unfamiliar hurdlesfilling out applications, opening bank accounts, interviewing for jobs. But however much initiative, energy, or emotional investment is required to accomplish a task, limit your contribution to 49%. Once you drift over 50%, you own it, and youre likely to see your transitioners motivational investment diminish.
That is what happened with a 19-year-old client of mine the summer before beginning college. He was highly anxious about the transition, and this manifested as foot-dragging on a variety of mundane but necessary tasks: submitting medical forms, selecting courses, confirming dormitory placement and so on. His father, anxious about his sons stalled initiative, stepped in to help by tracking due dates, completing forms and generally nagging his son to take care of business.
Unwittingly, his father had crossed the 49% line and taken ownership of the transition process. I said to the dad: Think of yourself more as a consultant than a supervisorready with your wisdom and guidance but allowing your son space to wrestle with the key challenges of initiative and ownership. He did, and in a few short weeks, the young man got his act together and headed off to a successful college experience.
Parenting is, after all, a job with built-in obsolescence. If youre doing it right, your kids will eventually head into the world with the skills to succeed and thrive on their own terms, in their own way.
—Dr. McConville is a clinical psychologist specializing in adolescent and family psychology. This essay is adapted from his new book, Failure to Launch: Why Your Twentysomething Hasnt Grown Upand What To Do About It (Putnam).
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